Improving Data Quality in BIM-LCA Workflows: Foundational Data Conditions Relevant to Digital Product Passports

Environmental product data ecosystems remain structurally fragmented, limiting the reliable integration of lifecycle environmental information within digital building workflows. Although Environmental Product Declarations, Building Information Modeling-based Life Cycle Assessment, and Digital Product Passport frameworks are increasingly adopted, their effective interoperability is constrained by data-level deficiencies that existing research has not systematically characterized. This study addresses that gap through a proposal-oriented systematic review of 57 peer-reviewed studies conducted according to the PRISMA frameworks, with the objective of identifying foundational data-level requirements for machine-readable and interoperable environmental data exchange in digital building environments. Six recurring data-quality gap categories are identified, each reported in 21.1-26.3% of the reviewed studies: poor data quality and uncertainty, absence of unique identifiers and traceability mechanisms, dependence on manual mapping, lack of machine-readable data structures, harmonization deficiencies across standards and program operators, and inconsistent definitions of core lifecycle parameters. The relatively similar reporting frequencies across categories, together with recurring co-occurrence patterns, indicate that the reviewed literature addresses multiple interrelated dimensions of environmental data fragmentation rather than a single dominant limitation. From these findings, three associated foundational conditions are extracted and formalized as a conceptual basis for future digital environmental data systems: structured and harmonized environmental data foundations, semantically interoperable and traceable data exchange structures, and governance-aligned lifecycle data coordination frameworks. The review further positions DPPs as an emerging product-level data layer that could support structured product information, traceability, and information reuse within BIM-LCA workflows, while not constituting an established end-to-end implementation framework.