From cells to clinical applications: mechanisms and application advances in epigenome editing technology

Epigenome editing technology can targeted and reversibly regulate gene activity without altering the DNA sequences. Gene expression can be regulated by targeting epigenomic chemical modifications such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation at target sites. The ability of epigenome editors to reversibly and, in some cases, durably modulate epigenetic states provides a unique approach for the treatment of disease by correcting aberrant epigenetic modifications. Despite significant advancements, challenges remain, which include improving the editing efficiency of these technologies, minimizing off-target effects, and addressing ethical and safety concerns. However, ongoing advancements in epigenome editing technologies will pave the way for therapeutic applications. In this review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms of the main epigenome editors, the latest findings, and applications in cellular, animal, and medical fields. The research on epigenome editing lays the foundation for clinical medicine in the future.