Beyond the Incision: Revisiting Surgical Oncology Through the Principles of Sushruta – A Narrative Review

Surgical oncology is a specialized branch of surgery dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and palliation of cancer through operative interventions. Although remarkable technological advances such as minimally invasive surgery, robotic-assisted procedures, and image-guided techniques have transformed modern oncological surgery, the fundamental principle remains the complete removal of diseased tissue while preserving normal function. Long before the advent of modern oncology, Acharya Sushruta described detailed surgical principles for the management of Arbuda (tumorous growths), emphasizing Chedana (excision), Ashesha Doṣa Chedana (complete removal of the diseased tissue), and measures to prevent recurrence. These principles demonstrate noteworthy conceptual parallels with the objectives of contemporary oncologic surgery. This review discusses the evolution, principles, classification, and recent advances in surgical oncology and examines them in the light of Ayurvedic surgical concepts described in the Sushruta Samhita. Rather than establishing direct equivalence between ancient and modern practices, the review highlights conceptual similarities that continue to hold clinical relevance. Integrating classical Ayurvedic surgical wisdom with contemporary oncological principles may provide a broader understanding of surgical decision-making and reinforce the enduring significance of Sushruta's contributions to surgery.