Modified bone char with excellent performance for treatment of wastewater

Congo red-containing wastewater poses a series of environmental threats and has a serious impact on the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, this study evaluates the sorption performance of bone char (BC) and modified bone char (MBC) for the removal of Congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solutions. The surface morphology and functional groups of both BC and MBC were investigated. The magnetic saturation of MBC was found to be 26 emu/g. The sorption process was pseudo-second-order and endothermic in nature. The Langmuir isotherm model revealed monolayer sorption on a uniform surface. It was observed that the maximum sorption capacity of MBC is 119.05 mg/g, which is much larger than that of BC (90.1 mg/g), revealing the role of surface modification in increasing the sorption capability. The findings underscore the potential of MBC as a cost-effective, sustainable, and high-performance sorbent for environmental remediation.