Synergistic bio-based modified atmosphere packaging and ATP liposome delivery for restoring energy metabolism homeostasis in postharvest Agaricus bisporus

This study pioneers a novel dual-strategy approach for synergistic preservation of postharvest Agaricus bisporus through internal and external co-regulation. Specifically, a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/Pueraria lobata starch composite film was applied as an external modified-atmosphere barrier to establish a high CO2/low O2 environment, while liposome-assisted delivery of exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) enhanced cellular energy status. The integrated treatment markedly inhibited respiratory rate and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) function, thereby delaying surface discoloration and improving textural and visual quality. After 12 days of storage, the endogenous ATP content in the combined treatment group was approximately nine times that of the untreated samples, while the energy charge (EC) was also significantly increased. Crucially, the activities of key mitochondrial enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), were enhanced, ensuring efficient energy conversion. Sustained high Ca2+-ATPase activity supported proton pump function and membrane stability. Due to the improved energy status and synergistic effects, the antioxidant system was significantly activated. By storage day 12, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased to 1.3-fold and 1.2-fold of the control levels, respectively, resulting in a synergistic and significant enhancement in scavenging efficacy of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These interconnected changes collectively maintained a high-energy cellular state. This work provides an effective and eco-friendly solution for Agaricus bisporus preservation. Furthermore, the proposed “internal-external synergy with dual energy modulation” strategy opens new avenues and lays a theoretical foundation for preserving other perishable fruit and vegetables.