Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators for Cell/Tissue Culture in Biomedical Applications

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“Sensor introduction into cells and tissues for information transmission” is crucial for understanding cellular and tissue states, as it allows real-time, noninvasive monitoring of dynamic physiological changes. In this review article, we highlight ultrasound technologies for cells and tissues as noninvasive, highly penetrative mechanical modalities for both sensor introduction and information retrieval. In both ultrasonic sensors and actuators, a persistent trade-off remains between achieving higher resolution through increased frequencies and the resultant significant signal attenuation. Ultimately, innovations in optical technologies play a significant role in advancing ultrasonic systems, and vice versa, fostering cross-disciplinary breakthroughs in biomedical engineering.