A Non-Destructive Characterization of a Crucifix by X-Ray Fluorescence and Digital Radiography

This study analyzes an 18th/19th-century crucifix from the sacristy of the Church of Santa Luzia, Rio de Janeiro, through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Digital Radiography (DR). The investigation aimed to identify the elemental composition of pigments and assess the structural condition of the sculpture. XRF revealed elements such as calcium, lead, and mercury, indicating historical pigments like calcium carbonate, lead white, and vermilion. The presence of lithopone and phthalocyanine materials introduced in the late 19th century suggests later repainting. DR imaging exposed structural issues including flaking, cracks, and hidden metallic components such as the halo, titulus crucis, and nails. Internal features like joints and fixations were also identified, enhancing understanding of fabrication and conservation needs. The results demonstrate the relevance of atomic techniques for cultural heritage preservation, providing essential data for conservation planning. The artwork belongs to the collection of IPHAN (Brazilian National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage).