Key factors influencing the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures incorporating recycled waste

Researchers are exploring ways to incorporate industrial byproducts and waste into concrete to reduce reliance on natural resources and expand sustainable building options. At present, the inclusion of waste materials into concrete is a practice applied worldwide to achieve efficient waste management and environmentally friendly concrete. This approach also helps conserve natural resources and supports the production of more eco-friendly concrete with good structural qualities. In this paper, we review the performance of concrete when waste cement kiln dust powder (CKDP) and waste glass powder (WGP) are partially replaced by cement. We tested fresh concrete using slump tests and checked hardened concrete with compressive, flexural, splitting, and Modulus of elasticity tests. The results show that using 10% CKDP, 10% WGP, or 10% HRP to replace cement can raise concrete compressive strength to a good level for sustainable use. Compressive strength increased further at a 10% replacement level of CKDP by 2.63% relative to the control, and CKDP improved the concrete's pozzolanic activity, helping reduce micro-cracks. On the other hand, when the replacement rate increased to 30% or 40%, compressive strength was lower than at 10%, and the same pattern was observed in other mechanical properties.