Halloysite nanotubes in packaging materials for stored-product protection: From carrier modification and composite engineering to preservation performance

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Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are naturally occurring aluminosilicate nanotubes whose hollow lumen and chemically distinct surfaces enable active-compound loading and controlled release, while their tubular morphology can reinforce polymer matrices. This review critically evaluates how HNT structure, surface modification, active-agent incorporation, and polymer processing influence retention, release, biological efficacy, and packaging performance, with emphasis on stored-product protection. Evidence is synthesized by distinguishing verified lumen loading from the simple co-incorporation of HNTs and active agents into polymers. Across the reviewed studies, essential-oil-loaded HNTs have supported antimicrobial activity in films, coatings, papers, sachets, multilayer reservoirs, and fibrous materials. Clove bud oil-loaded HNT materials have prolonged insect-repellent activity in packaging for cereals, bakery products, and other infestation-prone dry foods. HNTs may also contribute to ethylene scavenging and modify the mechanical, thermal, crystallization, and barrier properties of packaging materials, although these effects depend on HNT treatment, dispersion, loading, and polymer matrix. However, neither greater loading nor slower release guarantees better preservation. Processing losses, excessive retention, nanotube aggregation, weak interfacial adhesion, and release rates mismatched to storage conditions can reduce functional performance. Cross-study comparisons are limited by inconsistent reporting of loading and release, specimen geometry, package volume, environmental conditions, and biological assays. Most evidence derives from material-level or in vitro tests, with limited validation in packaged products under realistic storage conditions. Future studies should link release or adsorption kinetics to biological responses, product-quality changes, migration and safety, sensory acceptance, and scalable manufacturing. Overall, the reviewed evidence indicates that the performance of HNT-containing packaging depends on matching carrier and composite functions to the intended storage application.