Multiple stakeholder analysis of a user interface for a powered adjustable-volume prosthetic socket

Adjustable-volume sockets are an emerging technology in the prosthetics marketplace. Current methods of adjustment use predominately passive mechanisms. In the future, electronic actuation will be of interest. This advancement requires a seamless and intuitive user interface. Prosthesis users (n = 5), certified prosthetists (n = 5) and prosthetic students (n = 13) were introduced to four interface prototypes. Participants interacted with a testing suite that included an electronically adjustable-volume socket, fob prototype and software interface. Participant preferences and survey responses were recorded through documentation and video. Prosthesis users and certified prosthetists preferred a simple pear-shaped design with prominent buttons for tightening and loosening the socket. Four of five prosthesis users considered a physical fob more desirable than a phone app. Prosthetists suggested implementing versatile attachment of the fob by lanyard or keychain, mounting on the outside of the socket or placing in a pocket. Prosthesis users and prosthetists preferred interfaces that minimized barriers connecting to and controlling the adjustable-volume socket. Ease of use and reliability need to be preserved as additional enhancements are added. For example, remote patient monitoring data should be presented in a phone app, but direct control of the socket should remain separate with the fob.