Passenger protection under armed conflict through the Passafeguard framework

Passenger transport can remain operational during armed conflict while travellers lack feasible protective actions. This study extends the previously published Passafeguard concept through an evidence map and a separately identified conceptual synthesis. An audit of 324 retained Scopus records identified three explicit armed-conflict contexts, with different passenger, planning and governance contributions. Reconstructed keyword and co-citation networks contain 153 terms and 156 recurrent cited works, respectively. Their weak and parameter-dependent partitions describe the retained literature without establishing a conflict-specific research gap. Supplementary source searching strengthens the comparison with transport security, humanitarian protection and conflict resilience. The framework specifies protective-action feasibility by passenger, journey phase, threat and operating state, then separates its coverage and persistence from essential-mobility continuity. A transparent numerical illustration shows how stop-level proximity can conceal constraints on alighting and shelter entry. The contribution is a bounded measurement architecture and testable research agenda. Injury reduction and independent validation of the complete framework remain outside its evidential scope.