Failure analysis and improvement measures of tunnel drainage system in cold regions

Tunnel construction in cold regions is particularly susceptible to frost damage, which is often caused by drainage system failures. To address this critical issue, it is essential to study the failure phenomena of the drainage system. This paper summarizes the characteristics of tunnels in cold regions and identifies channel clogging and channel frost heave as the main reasons for drainage system failure. Three factors contributing to drainage system failure are also identified. Furthermore, this paper explores the corresponding failure mechanisms. In response to these challenges, this paper has studied the reported and published engineering cases, and has summarized two drainage. the connection mode of frost protection drainage ditch and the addition of a drainage channel. Additionally, two temperature-control measures are reviewed: the insulation layer and ground source heat pump. These reviewed measures can help preventing frost damage and improving the durability of tunnels in cold regions. Finally, this paper discusses the potential for future drainage system failures in cold regions, highlighting the need for ongoing research and innovation in this area.