Using AI Conversations for Challenging Clinical Encounters: A Brief Review

Background Teaching communication skills in healthcare is challenging, particularly when preparing students for emotionally complex clinical encounters. Role-play is widely used but can be resource-intensive to organise, especially when professional actors are required. Effective communication underpins quality healthcare and patient safety by supporting meaningful patient participation, better clinical outcomes, and patient satisfaction. Generative artificial intelligence (AI) simulations can reproduce human response and offer a flexible, safe environment for practice; however, their effectiveness in communication skills teaching remains underexplored. This study aims to explore students’ perceptions of using AI role-play conversations in communication skills teaching. Methods In this exploratory qualitative study informed by an interpretivist approach, Physician Associate students engaged in three structured AI role-play conversations: smoking cessation counselling, breaking bad news, and telephone consultation. These exercises were introduced via Blackboard, following clinical skills sessions. Afterwards, students reflected and provided qualitative feedback. Debriefing by a facilitator was held at the end of each session to share insights, discuss communication choices, explore emotional responses to challenging scenarios, and identify both strengths and areas for growth. Reflections were analysed through a process of qualitative thematic analysis. Results Students appreciated the opportunity to practice independently and without judgment, they reported finding it easier than practising with a peer and enjoyed the opportunity to practice in their own space and own time. They valued the usefulness of this tool to develop empathy, although some found it challenging to maintain empathy in the virtual environment. It also helped them reflect on their individual learning and how to structure and refine their communication skills. Overall, students found these exercises beneficial. Conclusion AI role-play conversations may reduce anxiety and build confidence by revisiting challenging conversations. They represent a promising, scalable, accessible platform for developing communication skills. Successful implementation should consider contextual factors including technological infrastructure and facilitator support.