Current understanding and future scope of nanotechnology enabled epidermal care using cosmetics and cosmeceuticals

Nanotechnology has a significant role in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals for epidermal care. In this review, mechanisms of nanomaterial penetration into the skin and penetration pathways, key physicochemical factors, as well as the various models, namely in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, used to investigate nanoparticle behavior with the epidermis, have been discussed. The roles of nanocarriers and active ingredients have been discussed in the design and development of nanoformulations to address limitations of conventional topical formulations, including poor solubility, instability, and limited skin penetration of active ingredients. Furthermore, they improve skin hydration, promote skin repair, and support anti-aging and antioxidant functions, influencing their effectiveness, along with safety, environmental sustainability, and global regulatory frameworks for nanomaterials in skin care products. Future research should focus on sustainable nanomaterials and advanced toxicological assessment methods to ensure consumer safety without compromising product efficacy. The details of analysis and characterization of active ingredients and nanomaterials-based formulations in epidermal care have been provided. Furthermore, the guidelines from India, the EU, and the USA are briefly provided to support stakeholders. Finally, future research directions are highlighted, with particular emphasis on integrative design strategies that combine experimental evaluation with theoretical and in silico toxicity prediction models to ensure consumer safety while maintaining product efficacy.