Use of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil in Sustainable Agricultural Pest Management

The increasing adoption of sustainable farming practices has accelerated interest in eco-friendly alternatives to conventional synthetic pesticides, largely due to growing concerns over pesticide resistance, environmental pollution, biodiversity decline, and harmful residues in agricultural products. Among botanical resources, the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) has attracted considerable attention because of its diverse biological activities and potential for crop protection. This review examines the current knowledge on the use of M. alternifolia essential oil in agriculture, with particular emphasis on its role within integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Special attention is given to its chemical profile, highlighting the major bioactive constituents, including terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, and 1,8-cineole, and their modes of action against phytopathogenic microorganisms and arthropod pests. Recent findings on its insecticidal, acaricidal, fungicidal, bactericidal, and postharvest fumigation properties are discussed, demonstrating its potential to control a broad range of economically significant pests and plant diseases. The review also addresses the main limitations associated with field application, such as high volatility, susceptibility to environmental degradation, formulation constraints, phytotoxic effects, and impacts on non-target organisms. Finally, existing research gaps and future perspectives are outlined.