Flexible active-matrix dual-band electrochromic display based on a Gires-Tournois resonator for human and robotic vision

Reflective displays have attracted considerable attention owing to their ultralow-power operation and compatibility with flexible and wearable platforms 1 . Although dynamic optical modulation has been demonstrated in reflective displays, including electrophoretic displays (EPDs), their operation remains confined to the visible spectral range. These spectral limitations restrict their applicability in environments that require reliable and simultaneous delivery of optical information to both human and robotic vision systems under varying illumination conditions 2,3 . Here, we introduce an electrically tunable dual-band Gires-Tournois (DB-GT) resonator integrated with a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), realizing a dual-band active-matrix display platform that achieves simultaneous visible and near-infrared (NIR) modulation within a single active layer. By modulating the complex refractive index of PEDOT:PSS through electrochemical doping within a low-voltage range (−2.0 V to +1.0 V), the system achieves high reflectance contrast across dual bands, yielding a hue variation of ΔHue = 167.2° in the visible range and ΔR = 38% at 1270 nm in the NIR range, with rise time of 88 ms and a fall time of 165 ms. Furthermore, a 4 × 4 active-matrix pixel array fabricated on a flexible thin-film transistor (TFT) backplane demonstrates independent pixel-level control, supported by a high on–off ratio ( ≈ 10 6 ), low off current, and high spatial uniformity, collectively suppressing pixel crosstalk. The DB-GT resonator array is validated through visible–NIR dual-band recognition under bright conditions and robust NIR pattern recognition under haze and low-light conditions, demonstrating its potential for visual information delivery to both human and robotic vision systems.