From agro-waste to high-value bioproducts: an optimization example of solid-state fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae

H-NMR and TGA/DTG was consistent with a heterogeneous surface-active biopolymeric fraction, supporting its robust functional properties. The obtained biosurfactant maintained remarkable stability across wide ranges of pH, temperature, and salinity, while achieving an oil removal efficiency of 91.37 ± 0.89%, indicating its strong potential for bioremediation applications. Notably, the SSF platform enabled the simultaneous production of a surface-active fraction and extracellular amylase activity, highlighting the potential of PPW-based SSF as a resource-efficient approach for producing value-added bioproducts.