Terminological Variation in Uzbek Equivalents of Modern English Educational Terms

The reform of education in Uzbekistan has brought many English educational terms into Uzbek, and a number of them are now used with two or more competing equivalents. This paper analyses terminological variation in the Uzbek equivalents of ten modern English educational terms. Variant forms are classified with a typology based on Haugen's model of borrowing, and their causes are interpreted with Freixa's typology of denominative variation. The study identifies 23 Uzbek variants. Calques form the largest group (9 variants), followed by unadapted English forms (5), descriptive or pre-existing native terms (4), hybrids (3) and adapted borrowings (2). In nine of the ten terms, a form containing foreign material competes with a fully native form. The analysis shows that variation is driven mainly by interlinguistic pressure from English and by differences in how the concepts are understood. The paper proposes four criteria for selecting preferred equivalents: semantic accuracy, consistency within term series, morphological productivity and absence of conflict with established terms.