Cattaneo–Christov Double-Diffusive MHD Flow of Maxwell Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid with Activation Energy and Nonlinear Thermal Effects

Effective transportation of heat and mass in nanofluids is vital for enhancing energy transfer and thermal management. In this study, the Cattaneo–Christov double-diffusive MHD flow of a Maxwell ternary hybrid nanofluid through a porous medium is examined, taking into account activation energy and nonlinear thermal effects. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of the magnetic field, porous medium, thermal and concentration relaxation, radiation, viscous dissipation, chemical reaction, and activation energy on the fluid flow. The momentum, energy, and concentration equations are modeled using nonlinear partial differential equations. Suitable similarity transformations are used to reduce the nonlinear PDEs to nonlinear ODEs. The extra stress is described by the upper-convected Maxwell model, and the similarity transformation is derived from a one-parameter Lie scaling group under which the governing equations and boundary conditions are invariant; the resulting invariants identify the parametric groupings that govern heat transfer and nanoparticle concentration. The resulting nonlinear boundary value problem is then solved numerically using the built-in MATLAB solver bvp4c. The numerical solutions are presented in graphs and tables and are validated against results reported in the literature. The results show that the velocity profile decreases with increasing magnetic field, porous medium parameter, and Maxwell parameter. The temperature profile, on the other hand, increases with the nanoparticle volume fraction, heat generation, Eckert number, and thermal relaxation parameter, but decreases with increasing radiation parameter and Biot number.