Ultrasound-Assisted PLC/PLA2 Enzymatic Degumming of Rapeseed Oil: Process Optimization, Lipidomic Analysis, and Storage Stability

Degumming is a critical step in rapeseed oil (RO) refining, directly affecting subsequent processing efficiency and oil quality. This study optimized an ultrasound-assisted composite enzyme (phospholipase C/phospholipase A2, PLC/PLA2) degumming process using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. Under optimal conditions, the residual phosphorus content was reduced to 4.55 ± 0.23 mg/kg. LC–MS/MS analysis revealed that the major phospholipids in crude RO were phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), with the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic degumming (UEDAC) process achieving a phospholipid removal rate of 98.19%. Lipidomics analysis further showed that UEDAC primarily influenced the composition of glycerophospholipids (GPs) and glycerides (GLs). Furthermore, this process effectively reduced residual calcium and magnesium contents, while unsaturated fatty acids remained the predominant fatty acid fraction after degumming. During accelerated storage, UEDAC-treated oils exhibited improved oxidation stability, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and better retention of nutritional components. These results indicate that UEDAC is an effective strategy for improving the degumming efficiency and quality of RO.