For electrons with nonzero initial velocity u₀≠0 in vacuum, the space-charge-limited current density (SCLCD) is given by J_Jaffe. For current densities J>J_Jaffe, electron reflections occur along with virtual cathode (VC) oscillations. Past studies have exhibited hysteresis by sustaining these oscillations until J=Jhys, often claiming $Jhys≈ JLD
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Panda et al. (2026) studied this question.
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