Anticipatory action: design, implementation and evaluation

Anticipatory Action (AA) formalises acting ahead of hazards through forecasts, pre-agreed triggers, financing, and action plans. This scoping review synthesises recurring dilemmas across design, implementation, evaluation, and future direction of AA, including uneven collaboration, tensions between trigger complexity and usability, gaps between protocols and practice, continued reliance on human judgement, and narrow evaluation metrics. Future challenges concern meaningful scaling across hazards, institutions, preparedness, response, and national systems.