Strategic energy management of renewable-integrated EV charging and battery swapping systems for resilient distribution networks under uncertainty

The growing deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RES) brings about a substantial variability in demand and generation, which poses challenges for the reliable and coordinated operation of the distribution network. In this paper, a distributionally robust resilience-aware multi-objective optimization framework is proposed for the coordinated operation of renewable-integrated electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) and battery swapping systems (BSSs) in radial distribution networks. The framework co-optimizes EV charging, battery swapping, renewable utilization, and resilience-aware operation under the uncertainties of renewable generation and EV demand while respecting the AC power-flow constraints. In the multi-objective formulation, network power loss, voltage deviation, carbon emissions, energy not supplied (ENS), service shortage, operating profit, and charging fairness are taken into account. The resilience is assessed using contingency-based ENS and uncertain operating conditions are handled using distributionally robust optimization (DRO). The proposed framework is tested on the IEEE 69-bus distribution system under different operating scenarios. The results demonstrate a network power loss of 2.56 MWh, minimum bus voltages are in the range of 0.944-0.965 p.u., about 24% carbon emission reduction and 0.97 MWh ENS in the considered contingency. Fairness index of Jain is more than 0.90 which is fair charging-resource allocation. The hypervolume (HV) and inverted generational distance (IGD) of the Pareto solution set obtained by the adaptive self-tuning cheetah optimization algorithm (AST-COA) are 0.842 and 0.021, respectively. The robustness of optimization results is verified by statistical analysis. The proposed framework shows the ability to reliably and co-ordinately operate EVCS-BSS under uncertain and contingency situations.