Psychological distress associated with glaucoma: potential predictors and contributing factors

Purpose Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy and one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Beyond visual impairment, the disease can impose a considerable psychological burden. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between glaucoma and psychological distress, and to identify clinical and psychosocial predictors that may contribute to heightened risk, with the aim of informing management strategies to improve patients’ quality of life. Methods A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted involving 107 glaucoma patients treated at the University Eye Clinic Cologne. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire, including demographic and clinical variables as well as the validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Spearman correlations, and multiple linear regression to identify predictors of psychological burden. Results 25.23% of patients exhibited mild to severe depressive symptoms according to PHQ-9 scores. Significant predictors of higher psychological burden were increased disease preoccupation (β = 0.237, p = 0.007), stronger fear of blindness (β = 0.315, p < 0.001), and poorer self-rated general health status (β = -0.382, p < 0.001). Conclusion The findings demonstrate a strong link between glaucoma and psychological distress. These results highlight the need to consider psychosocial factors alongside intraocular pressure in glaucoma management. Interdisciplinary care involving ophthalmologists, psychologists, and nursing staff may improve patient outcomes and quality of life.