The Theories of the Development of Science

This paper explores the evolution of 20th-century Western philosophy of science, examining key methodological theories that define the structure and development of scientific knowledge. It investigates neo-positivist verification, Karl Popper's falsification principle, Thomas Kuhn's paradigms and normal science, and Imre Lakatos's methodology of scientific research programmes. Furthermore, it addresses Paul Feyerabend's epistemological anarchism alongside foundational contributions from physics, including Niels Bohr's correspondence and complementarity principles and Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty relations. Together, these frameworks illustrate how scientific progress relies on shifting paradigms, structural continuity, and the inherent limits of empirical verification and classical mechanics.