The interplay between organic chemistry and surface science allows for atomically precise characterization, synthesis, and manipulation of carbon-based nanostructures. Advances in scanning probe microscopy and on-surface synthesis have unlocked new routes to obtaining fascinating nanographenes, exotic and highly reactive molecules, and controlled single-molecule reactions. Importantly, these developments open access to transformations that are inaccessible to solution-phase chemistry. Here, we illustrate the potential of this approach and outline the future opportunities and challenges.
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Peña et al. (2026) studied this question.
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