Artificial Intelligence and Economic Security: Emerging Risks, Governance Challenges, and Resilience Strategies

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly recognized as a general-purpose technology with significant implications for economic growth, employment, financial stability, and national security. This article examines how AI reshapes economic security, understood as the capacity of households, firms, and states to withstand shocks to income, markets, and critical infrastructure. Using a structured narrative review of academic research, international policy reports, regulatory frameworks, and technical safety studies, the article identifies four principal risk domains: labor-market disruption, market concentration and infrastructure dependence, financial instability, and malicious or geopolitical misuse. The review also examines governance challenges arising from fragmented regulatory approaches, limited institutional capacity, incomplete evidence, and the rapid pace of technological deployment. The findings indicate that AI-related risks are interconnected and that vulnerabilities can spread through shared models, concentrated computing infrastructure, and correlated institutional decisions. In response, the article proposes a layered resilience framework combining adaptive regulation, competition policy, financial supervision, workforce investment, and international coordination. It concludes that economic security depends not only on preventing harmful applications of AI but also on strengthening institutions’ ability to anticipate, absorb, and recover from technological shocks.