Emerging immunotherapies in epithelial ovarian cancer: clinical advances in cellular therapy, cancer vaccines, and oncolytic viruses

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains one of the most lethal gynecologic malignancies, with limited long-term survival due to high rates of recurrence and resistance to standard therapies. As traditional chemotherapies and targeted agents provide modest and often short-lived benefits, immunotherapeutic strategies have emerged as promising alternatives. This review summarizes the clinical outcomes of recent advances in cellular immunotherapy, therapeutic cancer vaccines, and oncolytic virotherapy in EOC. We highlight the clinical data from trials investigating adoptive T-cell therapies, including CAR-T, TCR-T, TILs, and NK cells, alongside vaccine-based and virus-mediated approaches. By evaluating safety, response rates, and survival metrics across studies, this review provides an evidence-based overview of the therapeutic potential and current limitations of these novel immune strategies in EOC.