Textile organic electrochemical transistors in biosensing and bioelectronics including materials architectures and emerging applications

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as promising platforms for wearable bioelectronics due to their low-voltage operation, intrinsic signal amplification, and efficient coupling of ionic and electronic charge transport. Although textile OECTs have attracted increasing attention for health monitoring and smart textile applications, existing reviews have primarily focused on fibre-based devices and do not capture the full diversity of textile OECT architectures. To address this gap, this review systematically evaluates the current state of textile OECT technology and its development toward wearable bioelectronic systems. The review covers OECT operating principles, materials, textile-compatible fabrication approaches, textile device architectures, and emerging applications in biochemical and electrophysiological sensing. The literature reveals a rapidly expanding field encompassing fibre- and yarn-based OECTs, printed textile devices, and emerging stacked and vertical architectures, alongside significant advances in sensing performance and textile integration. These developments demonstrate the considerable potential of textile OECTs as multifunctional platforms for continuous and unobtrusive physiological monitoring. Future progress will depend on overcoming challenges related to long-term stability, washability, scalable manufacturing, and standardised performance evaluation under realistic textile operating conditions.