Landslides impacting road infrastructure under climate and weather influences: a systematic literature review with descriptive bibliometric insights

Climate change is modifying the rainfall conditions that trigger landslides, threatening road networks essential for economic development and disaster response. This systematic literature review with descriptive bibliometrics analyses 80 publications (2009–2025) from Scopus and Web of Science. Unlike previous reviews, which address landslide–climate interactions without an infrastructure focus or road-network vulnerability without a climate driver, it requires the simultaneous presence of four domains: landslide processes, road infrastructure, risk assessment, and weather or climate drivers. A standardized extraction form recorded region, scale, method, climate input, risk components and indirect impacts for every study. Output grew by 11% per year, but 45% of the studies come from Asia and 26% from Europe, whereas South America and Africa together contribute 8%. Susceptibility or hazard was assessed in 90% of the studies, but only 21% completed the hazard–consequence–risk chain. Quantitative climate projections were used in 25%, and only four studies combined them with a complete risk chain. Network connectivity was modelled in 9% and indirect losses were quantified in 10%. The methodological families are complementary: physically based models represent changing triggers but rarely exceed slope scale, data-driven models assume that present factor–landslide relationships persist, and network models quantify consequences but seldom use projections. We propose a framework linking climate projections, susceptibility/hazard, road exposure and vulnerability, network consequences and risk management, and derive recommendations for road authorities, transport agencies, disaster risk managers, and policymakers, including multi-temporal inventories with road attributes, multi-scenario network assessments and climate-sensitivity analyses in technical guidelines.