Metastasis remains a major challenge in breast cancer, driven by disseminated tumor cells that persist in a dormant state. This review examines immune regulation of breast cancer dormancy across bone, lung, liver, and brain. CD8⁺ T cells and natural killer cells can promote dormancy, whereas immune suppression, niche remodeling, and systemic factors, such as aging and inflammation, may promote metastatic awakening. Understanding these mechanisms may inform strategies to prevent relapse.
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Sabol et al. (2026) studied this question.
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