The accumulation of lignocellulosic waste from agricultural and industrial activities poses significant environmental challenges while offering a renewable resource for sustainable biorefineries. Immobilization of lignin-degrading enzymes on functionalized nanomaterials enhances enzyme stability, catalytic efficiency, reusability, and recovery, thereby improving lignocellulosic biomass conversion into fermentable sugars, biofuels, and value-added chemicals. Various nanocarriers, including magnetic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica, carbon nanomaterials, and metal-organic frameworks, provide efficient enzyme support through enhanced surface area and tailored immobilization strategies. Advanced approaches, such as stimulus-responsive nanocarriers and multi-enzyme co-immobilization, further improve catalytic performance and conversion efficiency. Collectively, nanomaterial-assisted enzyme immobilization offers an effective and sustainable strategy for lignocellulosic bioconversion, supporting waste valorization and the development of a circular bioeconomy.
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Borang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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