Experimental analysis of AISI 304 stainless steel machinability utilizing TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticle-infused emulsifier oil-based cutting fluids

This study investigates the effectiveness of nanoparticle-dispersed cutting fluids in minimizing temperature rise and improving machining quality. During the precise turning of AISI SS304 stainless steel, excessive heat generation at the work-tool interface can undermine tool durability and surface finish. Two types of nanoparticles, TiO₂ and ZnO, were mixed with SAE30 emulsifier oil at concentrations of 1.5% and optimized 2.25% by weight to improve the thermal and tribological properties of the base fluid. A DCMT-120,404 cutting insert was employed on a production-grade CNC lathe for turning operations. Cutting forces were measured using a lathe tool dynamometer, while interface temperatures were monitored with a pyrometer. The cutting fluid containing 2.25% by weight of TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated superior performance compared to the other fluids tested, significantly reducing both cutting force and interface temperature. This improvement was attributed to enhanced heat dissipation and lubrication, which is expected to reduce frictional interaction at the tool-chip interface and better surface roughness characteristics.