Access to and control over water security: The perspective of gender equality in Lao PDR

Climate change and water-related disasters significantly affect water security and livelihoods, particularly in vulnerable communities. In Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), women often bear the burden of domestic water collection, yet their role in water governance remains limited. The objective of this study was to examine gendered dimensions of access to water security and participation in water-related decision-making across household, community, and institutional levels in Lao PDR. Data were collected through 32 focus group discussions (FGDs) with local authority, men’s, women’s and elderly groups (161 community participants) and 87 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders at central, provincial and district levels. Fieldwork was conducted in eight villages across two provinces and four districts, as well as at the national level. The study found that while progress has been made in expanding access to safe drinking water and sanitation, many rural communities continue to face water shortages. Women and children, particularly daughters, are primarily responsible for household water collection. Despite this critical role, women remain underrepresented in water supply decision-making processes at all administrative levels. Addressing gender disparities in water access and governance is essential to achieving water security in Lao PDR. Integrating a gender perspective into national water and sanitation programs is crucial for sustainable development and disaster resilience.