Design and Construction of a Low-Cost, Open-Source Syringe-Based Pipetting Robot Using 3D Printing and Common Hardware Parts

Automation in chemical laboratories improves the reproducibility, precision, and efficiency in liquid handling. A three-dimensional (3D)-printed, stepper-actuated pipetting robot was developed and tested via silver nitrate (AgNO3) experiments. The system employs a rigid 3D-printed frame to secure syringes and tubing, stepper motors for plunger actuation, and microcontroller-based software to automate the pipetting sequences. The robot was evaluated for volume accuracy, reproducibility, and mechanical reliability using 5 mL syringes. The results indicate consistent volume delivery and stable mechanical performance over multiple cycles. Detailed mechanical, electrical, and software specifications are provided to enable replication and customization in other laboratories.