Bio-Derived MIP-202 Metal–Organic Framework Nanofluids for Nano-MQL Machining: Colloidal Stability, Tribological Performance, and Multi-Factor Turning Validation

The development of bio-derived cutting fluids that combine dispersion stability and effective lubrication is an important direction toward more sustainable manufacturing. In this study, two zirconium-based bio-derived materials, MIP-202 metal–organic framework (bio-MOF) and a zirconium/organic-acid-assisted bio-aerogel, were investigated as nano-additives for jatropha-oil-based cutting fluids, while Gum Arabic and Vitamin E were evaluated as natural stabilizing agents. The additives were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDX, and the formulations were assessed through UV–Vis spectroscopy, wettability, viscosity, oxidation stability, and ball-on-disc friction testing. Bio-MOF showed better kinetic dispersion persistence than bio-aerogel. The selected formulation containing jatropha oil, 0.10 wt.% MIP-202, and 0.10 wt.% Vitamin E reduced the contact angle from 22.29° to 18.10°, increased RPVOT from 28 to 39 min, and decreased the coefficient of friction from 0.0813 to 0.0366. Machining performance was then evaluated in AISI 304 turning using a randomized Taguchi L27 design comparing dry cutting, plain jatropha-oil MQL, and Bio-MOF nano-MQL. Bio-MOF nano-MQL reduced mean surface roughness by 16.9% and 16.1%, and flank wear by 35.2% and 15.4%, relative to dry cutting and plain MQL, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of the designed bio-derived nano-MQL formulation for improving lubrication and machining performance of AISI 304.