Nanotechnology-enabled Strategies to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global health challenge, with conventional antibiotics increasingly failing against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-associated infections. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions through enhanced antimicrobial activity, targeted drug delivery, and rapid diagnostics. This review discusses metallic, metal oxide, and hybrid nanoparticles that combat resistant pathogens via mechanisms including reactive oxygen species generation, membrane disruption, and quorum-sensing interference. Nanocarrier systems, such as liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles, enhance drug delivery and restore antibiotic sensitivity. Nano-enabled diagnostic platforms, including biosensors and electrochemical systems, facilitate rapid detection of resistance markers at the point of care. Despite these advances, challenges related to toxicity, environmental impact, regulatory approval, and large-scale manufacturing remain. Emerging developments in green synthesis, artificial intelligence-guided design, and personalized nanomedicine may accelerate clinical translation. Overall, nanotechnology represents a versatile platform for improving the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of antimicrobial-resistant infections.