Effect of titanium dioxide, cadmium oxide, and graphene oxide nanoparticles on push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate in furcation perforations: An in vitro study

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), graphene oxide (GO), and cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles on the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to furcal dentin. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four extracted human mandibular molars with standardized furcation perforations were randomly divided into four groups ( n = 16): MTA (control), MTA + 1 wt% TiO 2 , MTA + 1 wt% GO, and MTA + 1 wt% CdO. After placement and setting of repair materials, push-out bond strength was evaluated using a universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey’s post hoc test with SPSS version 26.0. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed among the groups ( P < 0.05). GO-modified MTA showed the highest push-out bond strength, followed by TiO 2 -modified MTA, conventional MTA, and CdO-modified MTA. Conclusion: Nanoparticle incorporation significantly influenced the push-out bond strength of MTA. GO-modified MTA demonstrated the most favorable bonding performance.