Water Conservation and Smart Plumbing Systems in Sustainable Interior Design Projects: A Review of Emerging Technologies, Strategies, and Future Directions

The increasing pressure on global freshwater resources has intensified the need for sustainable approaches in the planning, design, and operation of built environments. Interior spaces, although traditionally considered a minor contributor to environmental degradation compared with building structures, represent a significant opportunity for water conservation through efficient fixtures, intelligent monitoring systems, and integrated resource management strategies. Sustainable interior design has evolved beyond material selection and energy efficiency to incorporate advanced water management practices that minimize consumption, reduce wastewater generation, and enhance user awareness. Smart plumbing systems have emerged as a transformative approach by integrating Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled sensors, automated controls, real-time monitoring platforms, artificial intelligence (AI)-based analytics, and water-efficient technologies. These systems enable predictive maintenance, leak detection, adaptive water distribution, and optimized consumption patterns in residential, commercial, healthcare, and hospitality interiors. This review examines the relationship between water conservation principles and smart plumbing technologies within sustainable interior design projects. The study synthesizes recent research on low-flow fixtures, greywater recycling, rainwater integration, smart metering, sensor-based plumbing networks, and digital water management platforms. The review highlights that intelligent plumbing solutions can significantly reduce potable water demand while improving operational efficiency and occupant engagement. However, challenges including high initial investment, technological complexity, maintenance requirements, and limited integration between interior designers and building service engineers remain barriers to widespread adoption. Future research directions emphasize the development of affordable smart systems, data-driven water management frameworks, and interdisciplinary design approaches. The integration of sustainable interior design with intelligent plumbing infrastructure represents a critical pathway toward water-resilient and environmentally responsible buildings.