Bridging Capability and Conscience: A Pedagogical Framework for AI Literacy, Ethics, and Equity in Modern Education

The widespread expansion of adaptive algorithms and generative artificial intelligence across learning environments calls for an urgent re-evaluation of digital competency criteria. Conventional frameworks for technological literacy tend to prioritise mechanical execution—such as software operation, prompt engineering, and productivity gains. Although artificial intelligence offers diverse pedagogical utilities, including personalised study portals, automated grading mechanisms, and facial analysis tools for monitoring student behaviour, the societal and ethical fallout of these deployments is rarely addressed within K-12 settings. This study introduces a comprehensive educational model that merges technical aptitude, practical ethics, and systemic fairness. By synthesising current literature, empirical implementation studies, and international benchmarks (including the UNESCO AI Competency Frameworks for Students and Teachers), this paper pinpoints severe vulnerabilities in existing educational rollouts: systemic algorithmic bias, data privacy exploitation, cognitive erosion, and widening socioeconomic digital divides. Finally, it outlines an applied three-stage structural model—Understand, Scrutinise, and Equitable Creation—designed to transition educators and students from passive technology consumers into ethical assessors and active co-creators.