Development of biomaterials for bioremediation in agriculture: the importance of correct classification of the biocompatibility of immobilized microorganisms

The development of biomaterials for environmental bioremediation has emerged as a sustainable and promising strategy, becoming a consolidated research area within the field of contaminated soil treatment. In this context, advances in material science and biotechnology have enabled the development of innovative immobilization supports that improve microbial stability, protection, and biodegradation performance. Among these materials, polymeric matrices combined with natural biodegradable components have demonstrated significant potential for enhancing pesticide degradation efficiency while reducing environmental impacts. However, the accurate, standardized, and robust characterization of biocompatibility remains a critical challenge, which limits the large-scale application and commercialization of these biomaterials. To address this knowledge gap, this review discusses the importance of biocompatibility classification, microbial immobilization strategies, and viability assessment methods for microorganisms entrapped in different matrices. Additionally, it underscores the imperative for the development of more dependable quality control methodologies to guarantee the efficacy, safety, and scalability of biomaterial-based bioremediation technologies.