Integrated geothermal applications in Türkiye for energy carbon management and resource recovery

Türkiye is important for geothermal energy not only because it produces electricity from high-temperature fields, but also because it uses geothermal resources for other innovative direct-use applications. A large part of the resource value comes from direct heat use, chemically complex fluids, separated gases, and the way these systems are operated at the surface. This review examines geothermal systems in Türkiye from this broader perspective. The study outlines the geological framework controlling the distribution of geothermal fields, with particular emphasis on active fault systems, graben structures, recent magmatic activity, and elevated heat flow. These controls are especially evident in western Anatolia, although fault-controlled geothermal circulation also occurs in other parts of the country. The paper then reviews the current use of geothermal energy in Türkiye, including power generation, district heating, greenhouse heating, and thermal tourism. After this general overview, four field examples are used to discuss newer or less conventional uses of geothermal systems. The Kızıldere geothermal field shows how CO 2 -rich non-condensable gases can be recovered for liquid CO 2 and dry ice production. The Tuzla geothermal field provides an example in which CO 2 is used at the surface to lower brine pH and reduce silica-rich scaling in a hypersaline geothermal fluid. The Balçova-Narlıdere field shows that an existing district heating network can also support absorption cooling during summer. Finally, the Seferihisar and Tuzla geothermal fields are discussed as possible critical raw material targets because of their saline waters and reported lithium values. These examples suggest that future geothermal development in Türkiye should not be judged only by new drilling or installed capacity. More value may come from better use of produced fluids, CO 2 management, scale control, seasonal heat use, and careful screening of dissolved raw materials.