Eco-friendly adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetric quantification of lumefantrine using manganese dioxide-based screen-printed sensors

As one of the deadliest vector-borne diseases worldwide, malaria represents one of the most severe global public health problems. Therefore, monitoring antimalarial drugs is necessary to face enormous challenges with substandard and falsified antimalarial drugs. The construction and full characterization of carbonaceous screen-printed sensors integrated with manganese oxide nanoparticles (Mn 2 O 3 NPs/SPCEs) were presented for sensitive and selective adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetric (AdSSWV) determination of the Anti-Malarial Drug: Lumefantrine (LUM) in artemether–lumefantrine (AL) fixed-dose combination (FDC). The enrichment of the electrode surface with Mn 2 O 3 NPs enhanced the electrochemical oxidation of LUM at 0.74 V in Britton-Robinson buffer (BR at pH 6). Comprehensive computational density functional theory (DFT) studies combined with electroanalytical investigations revealed an adsorption-controlled mechanism accompanied by the transfer of two protons/electrons localized on the nitrogen atom (N5). Mn 2 O 3 NPs/SPCEs showed a linear response (r 2 =0.9981) covering the LUM concentration from 0.030 to 2.608 µg mL⁻ 1 and an LOD value of 10 ngmL -1 . The proposed disposable sensors exhibited reproducible performance within an extended storage period up to 3 months. Based on the therapeutic impact of LUM, the Mn 2 O 3 NPs/SPCEs voltammetric sensors were effectively tested for monitoring the dissolution and quantification of LUM in marketed formulations and biological fluids with acceptable recoveries compared with the official analytical protocol. The green analytical metrics were evaluated, highlighting the environmental friendliness of the Mn 2 O 3 NPs-based sensors.