Fossil fuels represent a double jeopardy for biodiversity: (1) fossil fuel production directly fragments, destroys, and contaminates habitats, causing or accelerating population declines and extinction risks in some species, and (2) fossil fuel combustion indirectly threatens biodiversity through climate change-related impacts. This paper analyzes these dynamics in the context of herpetofaunal declines and extinction risks through the theoretical framework of critical green criminology. From a critical green-criminological perspective, the double jeopardy of fossil fuels for amphibians and reptiles consists of environmental crimes driven by a growth-dependent capitalist system that requires increasing fossil fuel inputs. This political-economic context has implications for conservation efforts.
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Ryan Gunderson (2026) studied this question.
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