Ultra-early diagnosis recently developments of acute myocardial infarction: Emerging biomarkers and advanced sensing technologies

Currently, myocardial infarction is commonly detected via traditional biomarker analysis, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. In general, conventional clinical approaches are limited by insufficient early-stage sensitivity and time-consuming procedures, thereby delaying therapeutic interventions. To address the above-mentioned drawbacks, this review systematically summarizes recent advances in both ultra-early biomarkers and novel high-sensitivity detection platforms. A panel of ultra-early biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity (e.g., GPBB, cMyC, cfDNA, MPO, D-dimer, miRNAs, and lncRNAs) is explicitly identified in this review. Recent progress in nano-based, graphene-based, and chemical biosensors for biomarker detection is further elaborated. The application of these biosensors delivers amplified signal outputs, enhanced sensitivity, shortened detection time, multiplex detection capability, and successful miniaturization of detection devices. This review also analyzes the integration of artificial intelligence models with conventional diagnostic modalities (electrocardiography, echocardiography, myocardial perfusion imaging) and gold-standard diagnostic methods (biomarker testing, coronary angiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, coronary computed tomography). Such integrated analytical strategies enable objective, rapid, and early diagnosis. When embedde into wearable monitoring devices, these technologies support non-invasive and continuous real-time monitoring and generate preemptive clinical alerts with ultra-high signal sensitivity. Ultimately, this article establishes a comprehensive framework for the ultra-early diagnosis of myocardial infarction by integrating screened ultra-early biomarkers and innovative high-sensitivity detection techniques.