The measurement of imagery vividness: Normative data and their relationship to sex, age, and modality differences

Over 2000 undergraduate psychology students completed Sheehan's (1967a) revision of Betts' (1909) Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery. Females and older subjects reported significantly more vivid imagery than males or younger subjects. When modalities were ranked in order of evoked imagery vividness the pattern did not agree with previous work and it was suggested that rankings may be test specific rather than universal. Additional data were presented on the test's reliability, and the first set of norms derived taking into account the significant sex and age differences.