Synthesis of ordered arrays of discrete, partially crystalline titania nanotubes by Ti anodization using diethylene glycol electrolytes

We report the fabrication of self-organized titania nanotube arrays comprised of separated, discrete nanotubes by Ti anodization in fluoride ion containing diethylene glycol (DEG) electrolytes. We describe the effect of the fluoride bearing species used in the anodization electrolyte on the tube morphology, degree of tube-to-tube separation, and crystallization. The arrayed nanotubes achieved from DEG electrolytes containing either HF or NH4F are fully separated with open pores.