rGO-MXene 2D Interfacial Engineering for Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

In this work, we report an innovative interface engineering strategy combining bidirectional chemical anchoring and electronic bridging via a 2D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and MXene conductive network. This hierarchical 2D structure suppresses the aggregation and stacking of single-layer MXene nanosheets while mutually compensating for individual charge transport limitations. Specifically, the abundant functional groups passivate interfacial defects (Pb2+ and I–) and bond with the PCBM layer via coordination, hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions. This synergistic architecture lowers the electron energy offset. Consequently, PSCs incorporating the rGO-MXene interlayer achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.96% (certified 25.05%) and retain 96.43% of initial efficiency after 1000 h in ambient air. Furthermore, 10 × 10 cm2 large-area PSM yields a high PCE of 20.25%, maintaining 96.05% of initial efficiency under maximum power point tracking for 963 h.