This paper presents a low‐profile quad‐patch bowtie dipole ultrawideband (UWB) multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) specifically designed for internet of things (IoT)‐based smart home applications. Operating over a wide frequency range of 2–10 GHz, This antenna configuration achieves a high gain of 8.5 dBi and exhibits excellent inter‐element isolation exceeding dB—without relying on additional decoupling structures. Unlike conventional 2D measurement approaches, this work employs comprehensive 3D radiation pattern analysis to evaluate real‐world signal behavior in three‐dimensional indoor environments. The antenna's low profile, cost‐effective fabrication, and inherent isolation realize highly ideal for deployment in portable and embedded IoT devices. Furthermore, key evaluation parameters, such as the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC ), diversity gain (10 dB), and channel capacity Loss ( bps/Hz)—validate its suitability for high‐speed, reliable smart home communications. The proposed design allows for scalable, efficient solution for next‐generation UWB‐MIMO systems targeting intelligent indoor wireless networks.
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Rao et al. (2026) studied this question.
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