Carotenoids in metabolic disease modulations: role of Brassicaceae microgreens

Carotenoids, a diverse family of isoprenoid pigments obtained exclusively through dietary sources, have emerged as promising modulators of metabolic health through their antioxidant properties and regulation of key signalling pathways. Both provitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin) and non-provitamin A carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene) enhance insulin sensitivity, reduce oxidative stress and regulate adipogenesis through activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathways while suppressing NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Despite promising preclinical and clinical evidence, the complexities of carotenoid metabolism, especially their bioavailability in metabolic diseases, remain inadequately understood. Brassicaceae microgreens, particularly broccoli sprouts, have emerged as promising functional foods for diabetes and obesity management. Given their high carotenoid content (162–224 mg β-carotene equivalents per 100 g dry weight) and enriched in other bioactive compound, this review synthesizes current evidence on carotenoid metabolism and bioavailability in relation to T2DM and obesity. It further emphasises mechanistic insights and the highlights therapeutic potential of Brassicaceae microgreens as accessible dietary strategies for metabolic health disparities.